The Yoga of Knowledge and Renunciation of Action

Krishna lists different types of sacrifice: material (giving things), austerity (self-discipline), yoga (practicing yoga), and study/knowledge (learning and understanding). The phrase 'saṁśitavratāḥ' (firm in vows) emphasizes that all these require commitment—sacrifice isn't casual, it requires dedication. This verse continues the theme that different yogis need different approaches: some are naturally inclined to give material things, others to practice austerities, others to do yoga, others to study. All are valid forms of yajna. The key is the attitude—whether you're giving material things, practicing discipline, doing yoga, or studying, do it as sacrifice, not as mere action. This verse sets up verse 4.29, which will explain how breath control (pranayama) is also a form of sacrifice.